A Christmas present
(and a couple of Carbon Cycle extras)
[My final post of 2024, and as promised here are the posts I have made here on Substack in 2024. I also provide a couple of updates on the global carbon cycle.]
Firstly, many of you will have seen Hannah Ritchie’s latest post on the changing rate of deforestation in the Amazon. You can read her Substack post here. The good news is that the rate of deforestation has decreased since the election of President Lula in Brazil (Figure 1). However, deforestation is still taking place.
Figure 1
Secondly, the Tundra is now a net carbon source
The Arctic tundra, long a carbon sink, is now releasing more carbon dioxide than it stores due to rising temperatures and increased wildfires, as reported by NOAA in their 2024 Arctic Report. Wildfires in the region have emitted over 200 million tonnes of carbon annually, thereby accelerating climate change (Figure 2).
Arctic temperatures are currently among the highest on record, with 2024 marking the second-warmest year since 1900. This warming disrupts ecosystems as permafrost melts, releasing greenhouse gases. Indigenous communities and wildlife face mounting challenges, underscoring the need for adaptation strategies.
The issues facing the Canadian town of Churchill regarding polar bears moving into town can be read here. (from the BBC)
Figure 2. Carbon in the Arctic
A Level of Geography Substack links – 2024
Educating women in the UK – should we? - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Tsunami - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Global trade ‘shudders’ - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Connections between the water and carbon cycles (substack.com)
UK flooding 2024 - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Drylands - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com) -1
Global systems - China trade 2023 - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Drylands (Part 2) - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Rate of global ice loss increases. - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Changing (rural) places - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Antarctica as a global commons - by David Redfern (substack.com) - 1
(1) The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Changing places (rural places) – WJEC/Eduqas (substack.com)
Antarctica 3 - MPAs - by David Redfern (substack.com)
‘It is our view that for your own safety, your property should not be occupied’. (substack.com)
Farming and the Water cycle - by David Redfern (substack.com)
A Level of Geography | David Redfern | Substack (Mackinder)
Changes in life expectancy in the UK - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Describing photographs - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Linking key concepts to content - by David Redfern (substack.com)
The links between energy supplies, the environment and identity (substack.com)
Changing places – AQA 2023 - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Hold the front page! - by David Redfern (substack.com)
The Maui wildfire, Hawaii – August 2023 - by David Redfern (substack.com)
People, place, and change - by David Redfern (substack.com)
‘Over one million people in Gaza are starving’. (substack.com)
Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTNs) and 15-minute cities (substack.com)
Ecosystems, introduced species, and climate change. (substack.com)
Population futures - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Climate change, rising seas and coastal communities (substack.com)
The Taiwan earthquake 03/04/24 - by David Redfern (substack.com)
The Vaal Triangle, South Africa - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Climate zones, zonal soils, and food supplies (substack.com)
Globalisation: questions and answers - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Venice - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Underground water supplies - by David Redfern (substack.com)
The 9-mark questions in AQA A Level Geography exams (1) (substack.com)
The 9-mark questions in AQA A Level Geography exams (2) (substack.com)
In the news - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Water conflicts - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Ocean currents and the carbon cycle - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Contemporary urban environments/Urban places (substack.com)
In the news (2) - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Climate Change in the Arctic - by David Redfern (substack.com)
The Arctic permafrost - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Imagine a country. (1) - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Imagine a country… (2) - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Imagine a country… (3) - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Urban climates - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
In the news (3) - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Bias - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Waste management (1) - by David Redfern (substack.com)
In the news (4) - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Waste management (2) - by David Redfern (substack.com)
America’s sinking east coast - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Changing gender equality - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Satellite stories - 1 - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Two posts related to the Carbon Cycle - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Satellite stories - 2 - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Two short posts: Gaza deaths and El Nino - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Two posts related to population - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Satellite stories – 3. The North York Moors (substack.com)
South and Southeast Asia (SASEA) - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Sexual violence in India - by David Redfern (substack.com)
The Degg model - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Population futures - by David Redfern (substack.com)
An essay and an answer, assessed. - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Flooding in La Berade, France – June 2024 (substack.com)
The forest fires in Jasper (Alberta) – July 2024 (substack.com)
Satellite stories 4 - by David Redfern (substack.com)
The marking of essays - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Two synoptic links - by David Redfern (substack.com)
An AO3 question and answer - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Satellite stories 5 - Gaza in ruins - by David Redfern (substack.com)
Quiz time (1) - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography (substack.com)
Three short posts related to the carbon cycle
Changing places – Questions and Answers - by David Redfern
A little bit of Food, and a Population quiz
Urban regeneration - by David Redfern
Coasts - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography
Satellite stories 6 - by David Redfern
Is globalisation being rebranded? - by David Redfern
Quiz time (3) - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography
Air pollution - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography
Disease dilemmas - a non-communicable disease
Quiz time (4) - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography
Oxbridge interviews - by David Redfern
In the news (6) - by David Redfern - A Level of Geography
Britain’s most expensive railway. - by David Redfern
Thank you to the (current) 2,909 subscribers to this Substack, ranging from the UK to the USA, Australia, Aotearoa/NZ, the Persian Gulf, Singapore, Kazakhstan, and many others – there will be more to come in 2025. Spread the word.
Season’s greetings to you all.